The U.S.
The signing into law of the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act, often called the GENIUS Act, in July of 2025 represents a pretty big milestone—it's basically the first comprehensive federal regulatory framework for payment stablecoins in the U.S. This legislation officially sets the rules for digital tokens that are designed to keep a steady fiat value—usually pegged to the dollar—and are primarily used for transactions and payments. It passed through both the Senate and the House earlier that summer with bipartisan support, which is quite notable. The law spells out clear requirements for issuers, including qualifications, reserve backing, redemption procedures, and oversight regimes involving both federal agencies like the Federal Reserve, OCC, FDIC, and state regulators alike. Essentially, it closes a regulatory gap that had been criticized before, aiming to bolster consumer protection and financial stability, but without outright banning stablecoins altogether.
At its heart, the Act only allows certain entities to issue stablecoins—namely, nationally chartered banks and credit unions approved by the OCC or NCUA, non-bank issuers who will need to go through a new federal registration process, and state-qualified issuers operating under state regimes that federal authorities find are just as solid. Interestingly enough, there's even a pathway set out for foreign issuers from jurisdictions deemed comparable to U.S. standards to access the American market. These stablecoins are required to be fully backed, on a one-to-one basis, by a specific set of high-quality liquid assets—think U.S. cash, balances held at the Federal Reserve, demand deposits at insured banks within concentration limits, short-term Treasury securities, overnight repos backed by Treasuries, government-only money market funds, and tokenized versions of these assets. Regular monthly disclosures and independent third-party attestations must be provided, and executives like CEOs and CFOs face criminal penalties if they falsify information. The law also emphasizes transparent redemption rights at face value, and in cases where a issuer might face insolvency, customer claims on reserves are prioritized. Plus, intermediaries are required to keep reserves segregated clearly to protect customer assets.
Supervision isn’t just one agency’s job; instead, it’s a collaborative effort between federal and state regulators. Key players such as the OCC, Federal Reserve, FDIC, and various state authorities share oversight, and the Fed has the authority to intervene in emergencies if needed, especially concerning state-licensed issuers. To enforce compliance, certifications for anti-money laundering (AML) and sanctions adherence are a part of the picture. Significantly, the legislation explicitly states that compliant payment stablecoins are not to be classified as securities or commodities—this simplifies jurisdictional issues and aims to prevent overlap with SEC or CFTC oversight for standard payment tokens. However, it notes that stablecoins which generate yields or have structured features—like those offering interest or other derivatives—may still fall under securities regulations. On the flip side, stablecoins issued by entities that haven't gotten approval or are unpermitted can’t be used as cash equivalents or in various financial roles like collateral or margin, effectively keeping unregulated coins out of the broader financial infrastructure.
The emphasis on transparency and proper reserve backing directly tackles past vulnerabilities highlighted by previous stablecoin failures—especially those stemming from opaque asset holdings and redemption risks that could cause trouble for markets. By restricting non-permitted stablecoins from key roles within the financial system, the law aims to cut down on systemic risks from shadow money or illicit activities. The model of a partnership between the federal government and states, like New York's regulation, is generally viewed as a balanced approach. It allows states to maintain their distinct frameworks while the federal oversight acts as a backstop during broader crises. According to the Congressional Budget Office, the costs involved in implementing the new rules are expected to be manageable, which suggests that the regulatory rollout should be feasible overall.
That said, there are some areas that naturally invite questions or concern. For instance, including demand deposits in insured banks, overnight repos, and government money market funds introduces certain counterparty and concentration risks—even if limits and oversight are in place. Plus, the law’s provision allowing “other similarly liquid federal assets” and tokenized reserves could, if not carefully managed, lead to a dilution of reserve quality over time if regulators become too lax. Also, permitting foreign and state issuers to qualify based on “comparability” could open up opportunities for regulatory arbitrage: firms might choose the jurisdiction with the most permissive rules, sparking future lobbying efforts and enforcement debates. And because the Act excludes algorithmic or under-collateralized stablecoins from the definition of payment stablecoins, these types remain unregulated under it—only governed by general consumer protection laws. This creates a potential gap where significant harm might happen in spaces outside supervision. Coordination among regulators, especially concerning AML certifications and liquidity rules, is still developing. Until stronger joint rules and formal memoranda are established, gaps in oversight could persist. There’s also concern about transparency around potential conflicts of interest within the executive branch and industry ties, which could influence enforcement and trust in the law’s impartiality.
Looking ahead, the real impact of the GENIUS Act will become clearer once upcoming rulemaking addresses crucial issues like capital, liquidity, risk management standards, limits on deposit concentrations, and how to handle foreign entities. These will basically define how tight or loose the boundaries around legal stablecoin activities will be. Major areas like accounting standards and margin rules for clearinghouses will need to be adapted to ensure unpermitted stablecoins aren’t employed in critical financial functions—kind of a market access gate. The ongoing cooperation between federal and state regulators, especially in states like New York, will also be put to the test, along with the Federal Reserve’s use of its emergency powers if needed.
Meanwhile, some of the biggest industry players are already positioning themselves to succeed under this new regulatory landscape. For instance, Tether has announced plans to launch a U.S.-based stablecoin called USAT, expected by the end of 2025, issued via Anchorage Digital Bank and led by former White House official Bo Hines. This signals Tether’s intentions to comply with—and indeed benefit from—the pro-innovation environment created by the GENIUS Act, while expanding its presence within the domestic market.
On a broader geopolitical and economic level, the announcement of this act and the growth of stablecoins spotlights major international dynamics. US dollar-backed stablecoins have grown rapidly—approaching a total market cap of roughly $280 billion and expected to hit $2 trillion within just a few years. Analysts suggest that this surge could serve to reinforce the dollar’s global dominance, especially amid ongoing worries about “de-dollarization.” Connecting stablecoins to U.S. Treasuries and embedding a sturdy regulatory environment essentially amplify the dollar’s position as the world’s primary reserve currency. Still, the rise of private stablecoins carries its own set of challenges—like potential financial instability, weakening of fiscal bases, or reduced demand for other sovereign bonds, as Helene Rey has pointed out. Meanwhile, regulators in Europe, China, and other parts of the world remain cautious—highlighting a broader contest to shape the future architecture of digital currencies and monetary sovereignty.
All in all, the GENIUS Act effectively aims to bring U.S. dollar stablecoins into a highly regulated, bank-grade environment—one that prioritizes full backing, clear redemption, and strong oversight. It’s a significant step forward in protecting consumers and ensuring the dollar’s strength in digital form. But, really, whether this law succeeds will depend on the agencies’ ability to craft detailed regulations, work together across federal and state lines, and coordinate internationally to close loopholes and stop jurisdiction shopping. Now that a solid statutory framework is in place, the true test will be in how well future rules and enforcement efforts uphold the stability and trustworthiness of the expanding stablecoin ecosystem.
References are as indicated in the original document.
Source: Noah Wire Services
Verification / Sources
- https://kjk.com/2025/09/12/what-is-the-genius-act/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=what-is-the-genius-act - Please view link - unable to able to access data
- https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/17/genius-stablecoin-bill-crypto.html - The GENIUS Act, passed by the U.S. Senate on June 17, 2025, establishes the first federal framework for dollar-pegged stablecoins, granting authority to the Department of Treasury and opening avenues for banks, fintechs, and retailers to issue digital dollars. The legislation includes provisions for consumer protection, responsible innovation, and safeguarding the U.S. dollar's dominance. Despite bipartisan support, the bill faced criticism over potential conflicts of interest, particularly concerning President Donald Trump's financial interests in the crypto industry. (cnbc.com)
- https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/tether-plans-launch-new-us-stablecoin-ceo-says-2025-09-12/ - Tether, known for its stablecoin USDT, plans to launch a new U.S.-based stablecoin called USAT, targeting American residents. Announced by CEO Paolo Ardoino, the move underscores Tether’s intention to expand in the U.S. market. Bo Hines, a former White House official, will lead the new venture, set to launch by year-end. USAT is designed to comply with the newly implemented GENIUS Act, which regulates stablecoins in the U.S. (reuters.com)
- https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/tether-unveils-usat-stablecoin-boost-us-market-presence-2025-09-12/ - Tether, the company behind the world's largest stablecoin USDT, announced the launch of a new U.S.-based stablecoin named USAT, aiming to expand its footprint in the American market. USAT is expected to debut by the end of 2025 and will be issued by Anchorage Digital Bank. Bo Hines, a former White House official, will lead the venture headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. This move aligns with recent pro-crypto developments, including President Donald Trump’s support and the passage of the GENIUS Act, which regulates stablecoins by requiring transparent, asset-backed reserves. (reuters.com)
- https://www.reuters.com/markets/stablecoins-might-reboot-us-exorbitant-privilege-2025-09-10/ - The article discusses the growing influence of U.S. dollar-backed stablecoins and their potential to reinforce global dollar dominance, countering the trend of de-dollarization. Stablecoins, primarily issued by private entities like Tether and Circle, have rapidly grown in market capitalization, now nearing $280 billion, with projections suggesting they could reach $2 trillion in three years. This growth is fueled by regulatory frameworks like the U.S. 'Genius Act,' which mandates backing stablecoins with liquid assets. Despite being a small part of global transactions, their increasing use for cross-border settlements raises concerns among regulators due to the privatization of monetary functions. Economist Helene Rey warns of risks including financial instability, erosion of the fiscal base, and reduced demand for non-U.S. bonds. With most stablecoins dollar-backed and heavily reliant on U.S. Treasuries, they could bolster what Rey calls the “exorbitant privilege” of the dollar. Global regulators, including in Europe and China, remain cautious, with discussions about digital currencies gaining urgency. (reuters.com)
- https://www.congress.gov/bill/119-congress/senate-bill/1582 - The GENIUS Act, officially known as the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act, is a U.S. federal law that aims to create a comprehensive regulatory framework for stablecoins. Stablecoins are a type of cryptocurrency that are backed by assets considered to be reliable such as a national currency or a commodity. The Senate passed the bill on June 17, 2025, with a bipartisan vote of 68–30; the majority of Republicans and about half of Democrats voted in favor. On July 3, 2025, the House of Representatives announced it would consider the bill during the week of July 14. The House passed the bill on July 17, 2025, and President Donald Trump signed the new legislation into law the next day. (en.wikipedia.org)
Noah Fact Check Pro
The draft above was created using the information available at the time the story first emerged. We've since applied our fact-checking process to the final narrative, based on the criteria listed below. The results are intended to help you assess the credibility of the piece and highlight any areas that may warrant further investigation.
Freshness check
Score: 10
Notes: The narrative is current, published on September 12, 2025, and provides up-to-date information on the GENIUS Act, including its enactment in July 2025.
Quotes check
Score: 10
Notes: The narrative does not contain direct quotes, indicating original content.
Source reliability
Score: 9
Notes: The narrative originates from KJK, a reputable law firm, enhancing its credibility.
Plausability check
Score: 10
Notes: The narrative accurately describes the GENIUS Act, aligning with information from official sources such as the White House and the U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Overall assessment
Veredict (FAIL, OPEN, PASS): PASS
Confidence (LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH): HIGH
Summary: The narrative is current, original, and originates from a reputable source. It accurately describes the GENIUS Act, aligning with official information. No significant credibility risks were identified.